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很多同学都会问——“阅读里的推断题到底怎么做啊”“明明文章没有提到这个选项，我怎么知道它是对的？”“为什么这个选项是过度脑补？不是合理推断？”“推断题逐个排除选项，很耗费时间怎么办？”
那今天就带大家一同围观，推断题中的超高频考点 -【时间前后取反】！帮大家一招制胜～反杀推断题！
先举一个小例子
文章：在备考gre之前，小明一直是一个自信、快乐的孩子。
题目：which of the following can be inferred from the passage？A． 小明是个盲目自信的人。B． 小明很容易快乐。C． 备考gre之后，小明不再自信，不再快乐了。
大家应该会发现题目中有一个【infer】，这就是gre阅读中常见的【推断题】，需要我们根据文章已有信息，做出合理的理解和推断～那么，这道题你会选哪个答案呢？
没错！当然是C！但这并不是因为，我们可以get到小明同款的苦涩滋味…而是因为【时间前后取反】的规则！
虽然c这个选项信息文中并未提及，但是根据【在…之前】这个时间标志，我们可以get到这是一个重大的时间转折点：从这个时间节点开始，小明的人生会发生变化，他的行为、态度，也会随之变化。
这就是GRE阅读中，常常会出现的【时间前后取反】： 一旦时间取反，人的行为、态度也相应取反。
接下来，我们做第一个练习～
机 经 练 习 Round 1
Federal courts in the United States, especially before the famous 1962 case of Baker v. Carr, were often thought to be powerless in the area of election law, voting rights, and other legal questions clearly bearing on politics. This perception was not entirely correct, of course, as pre-1962 Supreme Court decisions such as that in the case of Smith v. Allwright demonstrated in the wake of that decision, voting participation among African Americans in the South increased substantially. However, political rights had not always been so clearly championed by the Supreme Court as they were in Smith v. Allwright. Indeed, the transformations between the Civil War and 1962 were such that, in reviewing voters’ rights cases over the intervening decades, one feels like an archaeologist cutting through distinct layers in which the judicial decisions uncovered reveal a pattern of ideological and societal change.
Which of the following can be inferred regarding the case of Baker v. Carr?A. Its outcome required clarification in subsequent decisions rendered by the Supreme Court.B. Its resolution attested to the power of federal courts to address legal issues related to politics.C. It marked a radical change in judicial thinking in the United States.D. It was decided before the Supreme Courts heard the case of Smith v. Allwright.E. It has little historical significance aside from its focus on laws affecting politics.
正确答案：B（你的答案是？花了多久时间完成呢？）
我们看一下正确打开方式：
1） 题目的提问对象是the case of Baker v. Carr，说明答案区间在文章首句。
2） Federal courts in the United States, especially before the famous 1962 case of Baker v. Carr, were often thought to be powerless in the area of election law, voting rights, and other legal questions clearly bearing on politics. 首句信息采用了before的时间截点标志，说明这里会考察时间取反的推断题。该句表明，before the case，federal courts被认为是powerless，那么由此可以推出，after the case，federal courts应该不再powerless，而应该是powerful的状态。
3） 看选项，根据上述预判找相关信息，发现有且只有b选项，探讨的是federal courts的power问题，直接选。（a选项整体意思：这个case的决议，证实了federal courts处理与政治有关的法律问题的权力，也就是从这个case的决议开始，federal courts正儿八经有了power去处理相关问题，不再是无能为力的状态）
按照上述的做法，这道题的花费30-40秒就可以完成。同时我要再次强调，虽然gre语文总是被人“赞颂”成God Reading English，但我们做题真的不应该是一个被动挨打的过程，而应该是主动形成预判，再进行选择/排除的过程。这也再次体现了，官方套路千千万，掌握规律最重要～
那么问题又来了，除了before、after，官方还喜欢用哪个词构建「时间取反的推断题」呢？没错！就是until！！！
until，很多同学记得是【直到…才】，但这个含义放到文章里，可能会让你非常困惑。
看第二个小例子
文章：Until around 1930 few United States Civil War historians paid much attention to Southerners.
题目：根据原文，以下理解正确的一项是：A. 从1930开始，很少有historians关注SouthernersB. 1930之前，很少有historians关注Southerners
正确答案：B
在这里还要再次提醒大家，gre阅读词汇并不难（跟填空大魔王不是一个词汇量级），但我们依然不能小看它们，要做到【准确理解】。如何才能准确理解呢？让我们回归until的英文释义，一探究竟：
韦氏爸爸给出的释义中，红色部分表明，until = before，就是【在…之前】的意思。而仔细看蓝色部分：until是一个功能词汇，until X = 动作持续发生到X, 也就是【在X之前持续发生】的意思。
所以直接记关键信息：until = before！大家在阅读过程中，遇到until，直接自动切换关键词：【before】！【时间取反考推断】！
接下来，道理听懂了！我们来进行第二波儿练习！
机 经 练 习 Round 2
A divide between aesthetic and technical considerations has played a crucial role in mapmaking and cartographic scholarship. Since nineteenth century cartographers, for instance, understood themselves as technicians who did not care about visual effects, while others saw themselves as landscape painters. That dichotomy structured the discipline of the history of cartography. Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called “the Old is Beautiful Paradigm,” scholars largely focused on maps made before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting the decline of the pre-technical age. Early mapmaking was considered art while modern cartography was located within the realm of engineering utility. Alpers, however, has argued that this boundary would have puzzled mapmakers in the seventeenth century, because they considered themselves to be visual engineers.
It can be inferred from the passage that, beginning in the 1980s, historians of cartographyA. placed greater emphasis on the beauty of maps made after 1800B. expanded their range of study to include more material created after 1800C. grew more sensitive to the way mapmakers prior to 1800 conceived of their workD. came to see the visual details of maps as aesthetic objects rather than practical cartographic aidsE. reduced the attention they paid to the technical aspects of mapmaking
正确答案：B
正确打开思路：
1） 这道题依然是推断题，而且在题干里就给了我们非常清晰的时间截点【beginning in the 1980s】，说明答案区间在文章Until the 1980s这句话里。
2） Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called “the Old is Beautiful Paradigm,” scholars largely focused on maps made before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting the decline of the pre-technical age. 该句说：1980s前，scholars主要聚焦在maps made before 1800上，而且惊叹于这些maps的beauty。那么由此可以推出：1980s后，scholars会把注意力放在maps made after 1800上，且应该更关注这些maps的technology。
3） 看选项，根据上述预判找相关信息，发现只有B选项是符合我们预期的，说研究范围扩大，include more material created after 1800，直接选（同时也会注意到，A选项虽然也提到了maps made after 1800，但是关注点不应该是beauty，排除）。
今日重点小结
1） 阅读的推断题（infer）考察的是：根据已有信息，做出正确理解&合理推断的能力；
2） 推断题非常喜欢针对【时间前后取反】出题，常见标志【after，before / until】
3） 做题时，遇到【时间取反】，自动得到【行为、态度取反】的预判怎么样，今天的内容你学会了吗（wink）？
刷题是阅读备考不可或缺的一环。但盲目刷题，不去深挖错题，总结规律，就很可能会陷入【惯性刷题】的漩涡，对得不明不白，错得糊里糊涂。GRE不是一个语言考试（which means不考全文每句话翻译），硬着头皮、逐字逐句理解，不仅在速度上达不到要求，而且会分散精力，让你抓不住重点，更别说提高正确率。
大家一定要掌握了一定规律和套路再去刷题，才能四两拨千斤，更有针对性地提升解题能力和分数～
